Six People You'll Find in Every Office!
I present to you some of the typical office specimens (and I am certain you've encountered them yourself) that make every office a happy place.
Srini, the Quintessential IITian
Straight out of one of the country's IIT corridors, this Srini practically runs the IT department of any organisation. I bet many of you don't even know what he looks like. His head is usually buried deep into his PC and Srini can be found lurking the office at the oddest hours.
Shetty, the Food Mogul
Anna, as this creature is fondly referred to, controls almost all office canteens (besides the zillion Udipi eateries across the country). Consequently he also controls you. A happy Shetty means palatable food for the day. The Shetty is known to fiercely guard his domain. We once had a Sharmaji who dared to co-host food services in our office canteen. Egged on by employee support, he even tried to expand his services. And then Anna struck. Overnight Sharmaji was out. Anna rules again – the canteen and us.
Iyer, the Moneyman
Gold-rimmed spectacles and a 'tilak' adorning his forehead are the typical trademarks of this Iyer. Iyer runs his own fiefdom and has a number of other "Iyers-in-the-making" buzzing frantically about him through the day. The "Srini" has made life easier for "Iyer" by loading his computer with wacky programs, but Iyer still has his desk strewn with papers and post-its. Iyer perhaps does the most tiresome job in any organisation and is only remembered as the month draws to a close.
Julia, the Boss's Secy
Need I say more? No one can guard the boss's door like Julia can. Meticulous, upright, prim n' proppah, she clickity-claks into office at the dot of 9am and is out at the dot of 6pm, come hell or high water. Beware of Julia, she can be your best friend or your worst enemy. With her, it's always good to be the former.
Shekhar, the Errand Guy
For all those of you who still haven't warmed up to the idea of net-banking and can't get off those swivel chairs, Shekhar should be your best buddy in office. Who else will willingly drop off your late fee cheques and run your personal errands during office hours? Don't forget to occasionally reward him though.
Rahul, the Sales Studmuffin
The world is at his feet. His poise and gait reek of confidence (or ahem… over??) that's undeniably an acquired quality, fine-tuned over time. He smooth talks everyone in office (all the above included but mostly Julia) and knows how to get this way through 'the door'. An achiever and a charmer – what would office be without him??
5 Ways to Unwind from a Stressful Job
Is your job wearing you out? Are you working late hours with nerve-racking deadlines? May be, it’s time you took a break to rejuvenate. After all, the stress at work has its way of getting under your skin after a while.
Gather your gang and hit the beach or better still, throw a massive slumber party – the choices are plenty. But we give you five super ways to unwind and reap the benefits!
Travel Bee
Take a holiday to a destination you’ve always dreamed about - Paris, Barcelona, Brazil, wherever you fancy! Soak in the culture, savour the exotic cuisines, shop till you drop or just lounge around. You’ve earned it. Plus, you won’t just add to your knowledge of a new place but also you’ll have so much to tell when you’re back that you are bound to turn your colleagues green with envy!
Miss Bond
The long work hours have left you with little time for your family and friends. So how about spending some quality time bonding with them? Go for long drives, catch up over coffee or simply call them over for a dinner party. It doesn’t have to be very elaborate, just enough to let your friends and family know that they mean a lot to you. Besides, what’s the point of earning all that money if you can’t spend it enjoying with those you love.
Me, Me, Me
Chances are you haven’t pampered yourself in a long time. Take time off and focus on you. It can be a weekend at a spa or even shopping for a new wardrobe. Put your responsibilities aside and live in your bubble! It’s good to indulge yourself every now and then. It helps boost productivity too!
Goodbye Daily Grind!
No one likes a monotonous life. A little time away from work can do wonders for you and your career. A weekend getaway or a day-long trek would help you reconnect with nature and clear your thought. Not only will you get a break from the hustle and bustle of daily work, but when you get back you’ll also be refreshed and ready for the adrenaline rush that deadlines bring.
Talent Hunt
Use your time off to enroll in a class that’s unrelated to your field of work. It could be dance, photography, pottery or even paragliding! Take up something that’s completely alien to you and see what it’s like. Who knows, maybe your new hobby can even turn into a part-time profession.
Taking a break is a great way to revive yourself and have some fun. So live a little and fufil your crazy fantasies while you’re at it!
10 Smart Phone Etiquette Tips
What's with every Tom, Dick and Harry roaming around with a hi-tech business phone trying to feel important? Most of them are up to nothing constructive and barely even know how to do anything other than call, text, click photos and update their Facebook status! But that's not my problem. What really irks me is when the little monster shows up to a nice dinner and keeps on buzzing like a baby crying for attention.
That's why I put together 10 tips to help you use that smart phone with discretion.
1. If you're on a date at a restaurant (or just having a meal with family, friends, or even alone) put your phone on silent and leave it in your bag. Make a habit of enjoying your meals. It doesn't even last an hour. Plus, you can always return the missed calls, reply to messages or check email once you're done.
2. Travelling by public transport and find it hard to hear what the person on the other end of the line is saying? Instead of shouting your lungs out, annoying fellow passengers and letting everyone in on your conversation, tell the person you'll call back. How hard is that?!
3. In an office meeting, make sure your phone is on silent/ vibrator mode. It's the decent thing to do when your boss is addressing you. If the call is absolutely urgent, excuse yourself for a minute before answering. P.S. Walking up and down the aisles talking loudly (and persuasively) to clients makes us want to take your phone and flush it down you know where.
4. When you are contacting a friend after a long time, do not text. It's most impersonal and conveys you are doing it out of obligation. Pick up the phone and call for heaven's sake!
5. Never carry your cell phone to the restroom. If you do, make sure it stays in your pocket. It's really creepy when you mysteriously hear someone from one of the stalls engage in a full-fledged conversation that you have no desire to eavesdrop on.
6. Always put your phone on silent at a place of worship, hospital, theatre, funeral... you get the drift. If the incoming call is urgent, leave the premises or find a secluded spot to answer it. Talking in such places is plain impolite.
7. Everyone needs to unwind after a long day – a couple of drinks with friends, club-hopping or just a good ol' movie with your spouse. Relax and appreciate the company you are with and don't tweet 'Hving a blast with my gal pals'. Aarghh! If you really are having a good time, you'd be too occupied to go viral about it.
8. Just because you're up all night strategising, doesn't mean you SMS your colleagues at 2am with some brainwave you just had! Reserve that for the next work day or since you are so tech-savvy, send an email.
9. Set your ring tone as per the occasion; that's why your smart phone allows you to select various profiles. That Cuppy Cake ring tone in a board meeting is a strict no-no. Another annoying thing is when you go through the millions of ring tone options or check voice mail in public. We don't want to hear it!
10. When you're waiting your turn at the doctor's, playing games on your phone is a great way to pass time. Just make sure your phone is on silent. It's unfunny when we're made to listen to constant sound effects especially if we're reading a magazine.
Break out of the 9 to 5 Routine
Ever notice how work life makes you do the same thing day in and day out? Hit the snooze button on your alarm at 7am, jump out of bed 45 minutes later, shower, read the paper, catch a crowded train, go through the motions at work, head home in another crowded train, watch TV and hit the sack! It makes me wonder: Is that all I'm supposed to do everyday of my life for God-alone-knows how many years? There's got to be more to life than the "9 to 5"! And there is. All it takes is breaking the routine!
That's why I put together a few things I think you should include in your oh-so-busy schedule that will bring back that zest for life.
Try new things
Do you know happy people try out new things? No, I didn't make that up. Here's a study that proves it. So go out there and do something different.
Give up your usual haunt every now and then to try out a new restaurant/ a foreign cuisine, watch a play or experience a new spa therapy (say a Doctor Fish foot spa?). It doesn't even have to be expensive. My new mission is to visit places I haven't been to in my own city. So a few weekends ago, I took my nephew to the Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai to star-gaze! Our next trip is to the Prince of Wales Museum :)
Make a difference
We all want to change the world but resign ourselves to the fact that we can't! But what we can do is contribute a little to change. Now, if you think that donating to charity counts, it doesn't. Get hands-on. Volunteer at an orphanage, a hospital, an aged home or a school whenever you can. My youth group organises a Christmas party for orphanage kids year after year and I can never tire of seeing those kids' faces light up when we arrive!
Appreciate nature
Why spend your life-savings on a European tour to experience nature? Our country has so many beautiful places that I bet you've never been to. Take at least one trip every year to discover a new place. Trust me, you'll come back rejuvenated and your productivity will improve too. But you don't have to wait for those trips. The other day I was sitting at the promenade and just the sight of the sun disappearing into the horizon did it for me!
Read for inspiration
The newspapers are so depressing… bad news and more bad news! So how about reading something refreshing/ inspirational? I find reading my Bible on my commute to work helps me shut out the noise and get my mind off the long day ahead! But if that's not your cup of tea, spend a day at a library. Skim through books, discover new authors and learn new facts. In the words of Mark Twain, 'The man who does not read books has no advantage over the man that can not read them.'
That's why I put together a few things I think you should include in your oh-so-busy schedule that will bring back that zest for life.
Try new things
Do you know happy people try out new things? No, I didn't make that up. Here's a study that proves it. So go out there and do something different.
Give up your usual haunt every now and then to try out a new restaurant/ a foreign cuisine, watch a play or experience a new spa therapy (say a Doctor Fish foot spa?). It doesn't even have to be expensive. My new mission is to visit places I haven't been to in my own city. So a few weekends ago, I took my nephew to the Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai to star-gaze! Our next trip is to the Prince of Wales Museum :)
Make a difference
We all want to change the world but resign ourselves to the fact that we can't! But what we can do is contribute a little to change. Now, if you think that donating to charity counts, it doesn't. Get hands-on. Volunteer at an orphanage, a hospital, an aged home or a school whenever you can. My youth group organises a Christmas party for orphanage kids year after year and I can never tire of seeing those kids' faces light up when we arrive!
Appreciate nature
Why spend your life-savings on a European tour to experience nature? Our country has so many beautiful places that I bet you've never been to. Take at least one trip every year to discover a new place. Trust me, you'll come back rejuvenated and your productivity will improve too. But you don't have to wait for those trips. The other day I was sitting at the promenade and just the sight of the sun disappearing into the horizon did it for me!
Read for inspiration
The newspapers are so depressing… bad news and more bad news! So how about reading something refreshing/ inspirational? I find reading my Bible on my commute to work helps me shut out the noise and get my mind off the long day ahead! But if that's not your cup of tea, spend a day at a library. Skim through books, discover new authors and learn new facts. In the words of Mark Twain, 'The man who does not read books has no advantage over the man that can not read them.'
Take on tasks
Watch foreign cinema
I can OD on mindless romantic comedies. In fact, I can watch three films back-to-back on a Saturday. While I'm not about to give that up, I've lately come to appreciate some less commercial foreign films. No that I'm anti-desi but the non-clichéd plots, refreshingly new characters and just the sound of a new language (though I can't understand it and have to follow subtitles), is stimulating.
Meet old friends
Work really causes us to lose touch with people or worse still, stay in touch 'coz we never know when we'll need them'. Relationships need nurturing and you don't need me to tell you that. Pick up the phone; call a school friend, a long-lost cousin or an ex-colleague who you really hit it off with. Plan a meeting next weekend and make the effort to stay connected. You don't want to be a poor ol' lonely soul when you are old and grey, now do you?
Help a stranger
Everyone appreciates a random act of kindness. And there's nothing to beat the feeling you get doing some nice for someone you don't even know. Offer a seat to someone in the bus, let an elderly person get ahead of you in a queue, help a child cross the street. The other day it felt so good to just give a cabbie my cell phone to call his family. He hadn't gone home in two days!
10 Annoying Email Habits
1) Probably the easiest way to show how juvenile you are would be to pick an email id like sexyroxy or ivegonebananas or shahidsweety. Sure it'll be a hit among your "circle" of wannabes but if you so much as try to use that email address for anything remotely professional, you can be sure you're going under. Resumes I read with those email ids generally hit the trash can first!
2) It's an email, not an SMS. So why would you use SMS lingo? Spending half an hour deciphering what you're trying to say is really not my idea of fun. I'd probably just junk your email anyway and pretend like I never received it in the first place.
3) Sending an occasional forwarded message (say a bunch of funny photos or a howlarious joke or even a social awareness message) is cool. But keep up that incessant spamming with ridiculous quizzes, spooky forwards that claim to bring bad luck for 7 years and other cr** I have no time to read and you'll only make your way faster into my "blocked" list. BTW there's a term for this disorder you suffer from. It's called forwarditis!
4) Big, fat, ugly fonts - I hate these with a vengeance. It's in no way artistic. Besides, I have perfectly good eyesight and don't need you to highlight, colour or capitalise your text.
5) This one usually happens in offices. Everyone is marked on an official email that requires you to mail back with some personal detail. You hit 'Reply all' and let the whole world read your details. Quite frankly, I don't want/ need to. Spare me the details and don't waste my inbox space!
6) Then there are the email wars! This is between two people who insist on arguing (or in their words 'sorting out differences') on a group email while the rest of us get an update every two minutes. Take it offline for heaven's sake!
7) When you want to send mass e-mails about some good cause or the other, always (and I repeat always) use the BCC field to enter e-mail ids. Bad enough I'm receiving a forward. It only gets worse when that creepy guy on your mailing list gets hold of my email address and tries to "make friendship" with me.
8) Another thing that really irks me is when people mail me with dozens of attachments that are so heavy it takes me all day to download. Haven't you ever heard of zipping files? What's worse is when they mail you files that only play in some software that you'd never think of downloading even in your wildest dreams.
9) Ever had a friend or colleague who always ended his e-mail with an annoying tagline? My advice to him: Stop trying so hard to sound cool, witty or whatever else it is you are going for by ending your emails with catchphrases like 'I don't drive fast, I fly low.' When you do it in Flash, the emails get heavier and I only dislike you more!
10) Here's another annoying habit: Sending an email that's all about the attachment and there's no attachment! Guess there are so many people that do this that Urban Dictionary actually coined a term for it - "attachment disorder."
Do you know of any other annoying things people do with their emails?
Smart Work for a Smooth Holiday
The time for your Diwali vacation with the family is finally here. And with the excitement building up, it's difficult to work a day prior to jetting off, isn't it? But it is your responsibility to ensure that you don’t leave your peers in a dilemma due to your absence. All you have to do is make sure everything is in place and you can have a tension-free vacation!
Set an auto-reply
You may receive work-related emails while you are away. Setting up an auto-reply will tell your colleagues and clients why it will be a while before they receive a reply from you. Alternatively, you could give the email address of a colleague who can be contacted instead of you.
Don’t carry the burden
Work overtime if you have to, but complete all pending work. It would be highly unprofessional to leave behind work your boss may need while you are away. You don’t want your vacation interrupted by calls from office. Plus, you can enjoy yourself better if you know you’ve done everything you need to.
Hand over work
If there are projects or assignments in the pipeline when you are leaving on your holiday, make sure you hand over this work to the right co-workers. Planning will show that you are a professional and responsible worker.
Leave contact details
You have to account for emergencies. However much you hate being disturbed on vacation, your boss or colleagues may need to reach you. Make sure the roaming service on your mobile phone is enabled.
Clear it out
Empty the dustbin, throw away unnecessary papers and file all your documents properly. Tell your colleagues where everything is so they can find files easily if they need them. A tidy desk will welcome you when you are back from the holiday.
Your boss will obviously know you are going to be away. If there are others who need to know this - colleagues and clients - make sure you inform them before you leave.
શું વહેલી સવારના સપના સાચા પડે છે?
એવુ મનાય છે કે સપનાઓ તમારુ ભવિષ્ય બતાવે છે અને તે ભવિષ્યની શક્યતાઓ તરફ સંકેતો આપે છે. જો તમે તમારા સપનામાં મળતા સંકેતો સમજી શકો તો તમે તમારા ભવિષ્ય વિશે આગાહી કરી શકો છો.
જ્યોતિષીઓ માને છે કે વહેલી સવારે એટલે કે સવારે 3થી 6 વાગ્યા સુધીમાં જોયેલા સપનાઓ સાચા પડે છે.
અહીં કેટલાક સંકેતોનો અર્થ આપીએ છીએ જે તમારુ ચોક્કસ ભવિષ્ય જણાવી શકે છે.
- જો કોઈ વ્યક્તિને સપનામાં પોતે ડાન્સ કરતી, ગીત ગાતી, સંગીત સાંભળતી કે પછી સારા મૂડમાં મજા માણતી જુએ તો તે સારુ લક્ષણ છે. એનો અર્થ છે કે તમે તમારા સાથીને બહુ જ જલ્દીથી મળવાના છો.
- જો તમને સપનામાં ભેંસોની જોડી તળાવમાંથી પાણી પીતી જોવા મળે તે સુખમય લગ્નજીવન સૂચવે છે.
- જો તમને તમે તમારા સાથી સાથે બગીચામાં ચાલતા દેખાઓ તો તે સંકેત છે કે તમને તમારી પસંદનો જીવનસાથી મળશે અને તમારૂ કૌટુંબિક જીવન સફળ અને સંતોષકારક રહેશે.
- જ્યારે કોઈ છોકરી પોતાને ડાયમંડ જ્વેલરી પહેરેલી જુએ ત્યારે તેના લગ્ન ઊંચો હોદ્દો ધરાવતા છોકરા સાથે થઈ શકે છે.
- જો કોઈ છોકરી પોતાને બંગડી પહેરતી જુએ તો એ સંકેત કરે છે કે તે પોતાના મનપસંદ સાથી જોડે જલ્દી લગ્ન કરી શકશે.
- જો તમે સપનામાં પોતાને ફળ ખાતા કે ફળોનુ જ્યૂસ પીતા જુઓ તો એવુ મનાય છે તમારા લગ્નસંબંધોમાં અણબનાવ બની શકે છે.
- જો સપનામાં રીંછ દેખાય તો માનવુ કે તમારા પ્રેમજીવન કે લગ્નજીવનમાં કોઈ ત્રીજી વ્યક્તિની દખલગીરી થઈ શકે છે.
જ્યોતિષીઓ માને છે કે વહેલી સવારે એટલે કે સવારે 3થી 6 વાગ્યા સુધીમાં જોયેલા સપનાઓ સાચા પડે છે.
અહીં કેટલાક સંકેતોનો અર્થ આપીએ છીએ જે તમારુ ચોક્કસ ભવિષ્ય જણાવી શકે છે.
- જો કોઈ વ્યક્તિને સપનામાં પોતે ડાન્સ કરતી, ગીત ગાતી, સંગીત સાંભળતી કે પછી સારા મૂડમાં મજા માણતી જુએ તો તે સારુ લક્ષણ છે. એનો અર્થ છે કે તમે તમારા સાથીને બહુ જ જલ્દીથી મળવાના છો.
- જો તમને સપનામાં ભેંસોની જોડી તળાવમાંથી પાણી પીતી જોવા મળે તે સુખમય લગ્નજીવન સૂચવે છે.
- જો તમને તમે તમારા સાથી સાથે બગીચામાં ચાલતા દેખાઓ તો તે સંકેત છે કે તમને તમારી પસંદનો જીવનસાથી મળશે અને તમારૂ કૌટુંબિક જીવન સફળ અને સંતોષકારક રહેશે.
- જ્યારે કોઈ છોકરી પોતાને ડાયમંડ જ્વેલરી પહેરેલી જુએ ત્યારે તેના લગ્ન ઊંચો હોદ્દો ધરાવતા છોકરા સાથે થઈ શકે છે.
- જો કોઈ છોકરી પોતાને બંગડી પહેરતી જુએ તો એ સંકેત કરે છે કે તે પોતાના મનપસંદ સાથી જોડે જલ્દી લગ્ન કરી શકશે.
- જો તમે સપનામાં પોતાને ફળ ખાતા કે ફળોનુ જ્યૂસ પીતા જુઓ તો એવુ મનાય છે તમારા લગ્નસંબંધોમાં અણબનાવ બની શકે છે.
- જો સપનામાં રીંછ દેખાય તો માનવુ કે તમારા પ્રેમજીવન કે લગ્નજીવનમાં કોઈ ત્રીજી વ્યક્તિની દખલગીરી થઈ શકે છે.
અયોધ્યા ઈતિહાસનું ટર્નિંગ પોઇન્ટ (Secularism)
ભારતીય સેક્યુરિઝમનું પોત સુતરાઉ કાપડનું છે, નાયલોનનું નથી. ભારતને મહાત્મા ગાંધીનો સર્વધર્મ-સમભાવ સદે, નહેરુનું ધર્મશૂન્ય સેક્યુરિઝમ ન સદે.
આદરણીય મોરારિબાપુ રામભક્ત છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે રામભક્ત નથી. મૌલાના વહિદુદ્દીન ખાન સાચા ઇસ્લામના ઉપાસક છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે ઇસ્લામના આલિમ નથી. ફાધર વાલેસ ઇસુભક્ત છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે ઇસુના ભક્ત નથી. બધા રામભક્ત મોરારિબાપુ નથી હોતા. બધા મૌલવી મૌલાના વહિદુદ્દીન ખાન નથી હોતા. બધા પાદરી ફાધર વાલેસ નથી હોતા. ધર્મનો મર્મ ભુલાઇ જાય ત્યારે બાહ્યાચાર લોકોમાં એવી ડંફાસ મારતા ફરે છે કે પોતે જ ધર્મ છે. ધર્મના ક્ષેત્રમાં જે પિત્તળ હોય તે પોતાને સોનું ગણાવતું રહે છે. બિચારું સોનું છોભીલું પડી જાય છે, કારણ કે ઘણાખરા લોકો પિત્તળને જ સોનું માનનારા હોય છે. જલાલુદ્દીન રુમી કહે છે કે જગતમાં બનાવટી સોનું છે તે બાબત એટલું સાબિત કરે છે કે ક્યાંક અસલી સોનું હોવું જ જોઇએ.
અયોધ્યાના વિવાદનો જે ચુકાદો આવ્યો તેને ઈતિહાસનું ટર્નિંગ પોઇન્ટ કહેવાનું કારણ શું? જવાબ સાંભળો. છેલ્લાં સાઠેક વર્ષથી આપણા દેશને ત્રણ પ્રકારની કટ્ટરતા પજવતી રહેતી હતી: (૧) હિંદુ કટ્ટરતા (૨) મુસ્લિમ કટ્ટરતા અને (૩) સેક્યુલર કટ્ટરતા. જ્યાં કટ્ટરતા હોય ત્યાં અલ્લાહ ગેરહાજર હોય છે. જ્યાં કટ્ટરતા હોય ત્યાં તર્ક અને ન્યાય ગેરહાજર હોય છે. કટ્ટરતા સ્વભાવે ઝનૂનવર્ધક હોય છે. જ્યાં ઝનૂન હોય છે ત્યાં વિચાર ટકી શકતો નથી અને વિચાર ન હોય એવી ભીડ છોડીને ધર્મ ભાગી છુટતો હોય છે. કટ્ટર હિંદુત્વ એ ધાર્મિક અપરાધ છે. કટ્ટર મુસલમાનત્વ એ મજહબી ગુનો છે.
કટ્ટર સેક્યુરિઝમ એ બૌદ્ધિક બદમાશી છે. આવી ત્રણ પ્રકારની કટ્ટરતા પર સૌથી મોટો પ્રહાર અયોધ્યાના વિવાદ અંગે આવેલા ચુકાદા દ્વારા થયો છે. ભારતીય સેક્યુરિઝમનું પોત સુતરાઉ કાપડનું છે, નાયલોનનું નથી. ભારતને મહાત્મા ગાંધીનો સર્વધર્મ-સમભાવ સદે, નહેરુનું ધર્મશૂન્ય સેક્યુરિઝમ ન સદે. ઘરે પ્રેમથી મળવા અને જમવા આવેલા મિત્ર આરફિ મોહમ્મદ ખાને કહ્યું: ‘હિંદુ કે મુસ્લિમ વોટબેંકના નામે રાજકારણ રમવાના દિવસો ગયા.
હવે કોમવાદનું રાજકારણ નહીં ચાલે, પરંતુ વિકાસ અને પ્રગતિનો જ એજન્ડા ચાલશે.’ સેક્યુલર હોવા બદલ જેમણે સૌથી વધારે વેઠ્યું, એવા મુસલમાન નેતાનું નામ આરફિ મોહમ્મદ ખાન છે. He is secularism personified. સો ટચનું સેક્યુરિઝમ જોવું હોય તો એકવાર ઇસ્તંબૂલ જવા જેવું છે. ત્યાં આવેલું સંત સોફિયાનું ચર્ચ ઇ.સ. ૫૩૭માં બંધાયેલું. આટલું મોટું અને આટલું જૂનું ચર્ચ મેં જીવનમાં કદી જોયું ન હતું. એ ગ્રીક આર્થોડોકસ ચર્ચ હતું. ઇ.સ. ૧૪૫૩ની સાલમાં એહમદ બીજાએ કોન્સ્ટંટટિનોપલનો કબજો લીધો પછી આ ચર્ચ મસ્જિદમાં ફેરવાઇ ગયું. પૂરાં ૪૮૧ વર્ષ સુધી એ મસ્જિદ બની રહ્યું. એ વર્ષો દરમિયાન ચર્ચની અંદરની ભીંતો પર ઇસુ, જોસેફ અને વર્જિન મેરીનાં ભવ્ય મ્યુરલોને મુસ્લિમ શાસકોએ કોઇપણ પ્રકારનું નુકસાન ન પહોંચાડ્યું. મસ્જિદમાં વળી કોઇ અવતારની કે વિભૂતિની ભવ્ય છબી ટકી શકે? કલ્પના કરવી પણ મુશ્કેલ છે.
મસ્જિદ તરીકે એ ઇમારતમાં નમાજ પઢાતી રહી, પરંતુ ચર્ચમાંથી એક પણ છબી હટાવવામાં ન આવી. સગી આંખે જોયું કે ભીંત પરનાં ભવ્ય મ્યુરલો પર કપડું ઢાંકી દેવામાં આવ્યું હતું. સન. ૧૯૩૪ સુધી મસ્જિદ તરીકે જાણીતી એ ઇમારતમાં એક ક્રાંતિ થઇ. કમાલ અતાતુર્ક જેવા ક્રાંતિકારી શાસકે એ મસ્જિદને મ્યુઝિયમમાં ફેરવી નાખી. પહેલાં ૯૧૬ વર્ષ ચર્ચ તરીકે અને પછીથી ૪૮૧ વર્ષ મસ્જિદ તરીકે રહ્યા બાદ આ ભવ્ય ઇમારત ઈતિહાસની સાક્ષી બની રહી.
આવી જ ઘટના ઇસ્તંબૂલમાં આવેલા કોરા ચર્ચમાં પણ બની હતી. એ ચર્ચ પણ મસ્જિદમાં ફેરવાયું હતું પણ પછી ચર્ચ બન્યું હતું. એ ચર્ચ ઇસુ પછીની ચોથી અને આઠમી સદીમાં બંધાયેલું. એમાં મ્યુરલો દ્વારા ઇસુ અને માતા મેરીની જીવનકથા પ્રગટ થઇ છે. યાદ રહે કે ૯૯ ટકા જેટલી મુસ્લિમ વસ્તી ધરાવતો દેશ ટર્કી સેક્યુલર ગણતંત્ર ધરાવે છે. ઇસ્તંબૂલમાં અમારી હોટેલનો માલિક મુસલમાન હતો અને એનું નામ જિસસ હતું. ટર્કીમાં કેટલીય મુસ્લિમ છોકરીઓનાં નામ મેરી હોય છે.
લોર્ડ ભીખુ પારેખ હિંદુ છે અને દિલથી વિશ્વમાનવ છે. અમત્ર્ય સેન વિશ્વમાનવ છે, પરંતુ પોતે હિંદુ છે એમ કહેવાનું ટાળે છે. તારીખ ત્રીજી ઓક્ટોબરે મારા સૌથી પ્રિય મુસલમાન આરિફભાઇ અને આદરણીય મિત્ર ભીખુભાઇ ભોજન માટે ઘરે આવ્યા. અમારી વાતો ‘કેવળ’ સાડા ચાર કલાકો સુધી ચાલી! આરિફભાઇ પોતાનું તાજુમાજું પુસ્તક ભેટ આપતા ગયા : ‘Text And Context: Quran and Contemporary Challenges’ (Rupa, Delhi). હું અને ભીખુભાઇ સાંભળવાના મૂડમાં હતા. આરિફભાઇ અયોધ્યા વિવાદના ઈતિહાસની ઝીણામાં ઝીણી વિગતો અત્યંત અધિકારપૂર્વક અમારી સમક્ષ પ્રગટ કરી રહ્યા હતા.
તેઓ ઉત્તરપ્રદેશના મુસલમાનોની બદલાયેલી માનસિકતા અંગે એવાં એવાં ઉદાહરણો આપી રહ્યા હતા કે જેમાં રાજકારણની દુર્ગંધ ન હોય. મુલાયમસિંહ યાદવે જે કહ્યું તેનો વિરોધ મુસલમાનો તરફથી થયો. એકતાની આબોહવામાં જે ભંગ પાડે તે રાજકારણમાંથી ફેંકાઇ જશે. તેમણે આર.એસ.એસ.ના સરસંઘચાલક ભાગવતના નિવેદનની પ્રશંસા કરીને જણાવ્યું કે બધા બદલાયા છે અને હજી બદલાશે. ચર્ચા ચાલુ હતી તે દરમિયાન મલેરિયામાં પટકાયેલા આદરણીય મોરારિબાપુએ ફોન પર બંને મિત્રો સાથે વાત કરી. ભીખુભાઇએ મીઠી ટકોર કરી : ‘બાપુ, અમે માંદા પડીએ તો ચાલે, પરંતુ તમે માંદા પડો તે કેમ ચાલે?’
સાંઇ મકરન્દ દવે પુરાણકથા (માઇથોલોજી)નું સૌંદર્ય સમજાવતી વખતે કહેતા કે પુરાણકથા પરા-ઐતિહાસિક (પેરા-હિસ્ટોરિકલ) છે. કેટલાક લોકો કોર્ટના ચુકાદાને શ્રદ્ધા પર આધારિત ગણાવે છે. વાત એમ છે કે સાચો ન્યાયમૂર્તિ કાયદો, તર્ક, હકીકત અને સાબિતી ઉપરાંત પરિસ્થિતજિન્ય શાણપણ ધ્યાનમાં રાખે છે. ન્યાયમૂર્તિ એસ. યુ. ખાનની ભૂમિકામાં ભારોભાર વિવેકની આણ રહેલી છે. સોલી સોરાબજી જેવા ન્યાયવિદે ચુકાદાને માટે કહ્યું કે ન્યાયમૂર્તિઓએ ભારે હિંમત બતાવી છે. ‘ધ ટાઇમ્સ ઓફ ઇન્ડિયા’ (૧પ-૯-૨૦૦૭)માં સેક્યુલર કટારલેખક જગ સુરૈયાએ રામ માટે જે શબ્દો કહ્યા તે કાન દઇને સાંભળવા જેવા છે. એમના શબ્દો સાંઇ મકરન્દની વાતને ટેકો આપનારા છે. સાંભળો :
રામ કેવળ વાસ્તવિક નહીં,
પરંતુ અતિ-વાસ્તવિક છે.
Ram isn’t real,
He is hyper-real.
The myth or hyper-reality is
more real in the sense of
being more constant than reality.
ઘણા ખરા લોકો ધર્મનું ફળ ચાખવાને બદલે કેવળ ફળનું છોડું જ ચાવતા રહે છે. કોમી હુલ્લડો કાયમ છોટલાવાદીઓ વચ્ચે જ થાય છે. ફળનો ગલ ખાનારા કાયમ લઘુમતીમાં હોય છે. અયોધ્યાના લાંબા વિવાદનો ચુકાદો આખરી નથી. કોર્ટની બહાર સમાધાન થાય એથી રૂડું બીજું શું હોઇ શકે? આપણે તો એટલું જ ઇચ્છીએ કે વોટબેંકનું રાજકારણ અને ગંદું સેક્યુરિઝમ ખતમ થાય. ગાંધીજીએ રામાયણને ‘જગતનો સર્વોપરી’ ગ્રંથ ગણાવ્યો હતો. છેલ્લાં સાઠ વર્ષ દરમિયાન પ્રજાએ ગરીબી ઉપરાંત બીજું ઘણું ઘણું વેઠ્યું છે. એકતાની આબોહવાને નષ્ટ કરે તેવી કોઇપણ હરક્ત પ્રજા ચલાવી નહીં લે. સમન્વયનો સંદેશો અયોધ્યાથી અજમેર સુધી અને ચરારે શરીફથી રામેશ્વર સુધી ભલે પહોંચતો. ગાંધીજી ‘સનાતની હિંદુ’ હતા માટે વિશ્વમાનવ હતા. તેઓ વિશ્વમાનવ હતા માટે ‘સનાતની હિંદુ’ ન હતા.
આદરણીય મોરારિબાપુ રામભક્ત છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે રામભક્ત નથી. મૌલાના વહિદુદ્દીન ખાન સાચા ઇસ્લામના ઉપાસક છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે ઇસ્લામના આલિમ નથી. ફાધર વાલેસ ઇસુભક્ત છે માટે સેક્યુલર છે. તેઓ સેક્યુલર છે માટે ઇસુના ભક્ત નથી. બધા રામભક્ત મોરારિબાપુ નથી હોતા. બધા મૌલવી મૌલાના વહિદુદ્દીન ખાન નથી હોતા. બધા પાદરી ફાધર વાલેસ નથી હોતા. ધર્મનો મર્મ ભુલાઇ જાય ત્યારે બાહ્યાચાર લોકોમાં એવી ડંફાસ મારતા ફરે છે કે પોતે જ ધર્મ છે. ધર્મના ક્ષેત્રમાં જે પિત્તળ હોય તે પોતાને સોનું ગણાવતું રહે છે. બિચારું સોનું છોભીલું પડી જાય છે, કારણ કે ઘણાખરા લોકો પિત્તળને જ સોનું માનનારા હોય છે. જલાલુદ્દીન રુમી કહે છે કે જગતમાં બનાવટી સોનું છે તે બાબત એટલું સાબિત કરે છે કે ક્યાંક અસલી સોનું હોવું જ જોઇએ.
અયોધ્યાના વિવાદનો જે ચુકાદો આવ્યો તેને ઈતિહાસનું ટર્નિંગ પોઇન્ટ કહેવાનું કારણ શું? જવાબ સાંભળો. છેલ્લાં સાઠેક વર્ષથી આપણા દેશને ત્રણ પ્રકારની કટ્ટરતા પજવતી રહેતી હતી: (૧) હિંદુ કટ્ટરતા (૨) મુસ્લિમ કટ્ટરતા અને (૩) સેક્યુલર કટ્ટરતા. જ્યાં કટ્ટરતા હોય ત્યાં અલ્લાહ ગેરહાજર હોય છે. જ્યાં કટ્ટરતા હોય ત્યાં તર્ક અને ન્યાય ગેરહાજર હોય છે. કટ્ટરતા સ્વભાવે ઝનૂનવર્ધક હોય છે. જ્યાં ઝનૂન હોય છે ત્યાં વિચાર ટકી શકતો નથી અને વિચાર ન હોય એવી ભીડ છોડીને ધર્મ ભાગી છુટતો હોય છે. કટ્ટર હિંદુત્વ એ ધાર્મિક અપરાધ છે. કટ્ટર મુસલમાનત્વ એ મજહબી ગુનો છે.
કટ્ટર સેક્યુરિઝમ એ બૌદ્ધિક બદમાશી છે. આવી ત્રણ પ્રકારની કટ્ટરતા પર સૌથી મોટો પ્રહાર અયોધ્યાના વિવાદ અંગે આવેલા ચુકાદા દ્વારા થયો છે. ભારતીય સેક્યુરિઝમનું પોત સુતરાઉ કાપડનું છે, નાયલોનનું નથી. ભારતને મહાત્મા ગાંધીનો સર્વધર્મ-સમભાવ સદે, નહેરુનું ધર્મશૂન્ય સેક્યુરિઝમ ન સદે. ઘરે પ્રેમથી મળવા અને જમવા આવેલા મિત્ર આરફિ મોહમ્મદ ખાને કહ્યું: ‘હિંદુ કે મુસ્લિમ વોટબેંકના નામે રાજકારણ રમવાના દિવસો ગયા.
હવે કોમવાદનું રાજકારણ નહીં ચાલે, પરંતુ વિકાસ અને પ્રગતિનો જ એજન્ડા ચાલશે.’ સેક્યુલર હોવા બદલ જેમણે સૌથી વધારે વેઠ્યું, એવા મુસલમાન નેતાનું નામ આરફિ મોહમ્મદ ખાન છે. He is secularism personified. સો ટચનું સેક્યુરિઝમ જોવું હોય તો એકવાર ઇસ્તંબૂલ જવા જેવું છે. ત્યાં આવેલું સંત સોફિયાનું ચર્ચ ઇ.સ. ૫૩૭માં બંધાયેલું. આટલું મોટું અને આટલું જૂનું ચર્ચ મેં જીવનમાં કદી જોયું ન હતું. એ ગ્રીક આર્થોડોકસ ચર્ચ હતું. ઇ.સ. ૧૪૫૩ની સાલમાં એહમદ બીજાએ કોન્સ્ટંટટિનોપલનો કબજો લીધો પછી આ ચર્ચ મસ્જિદમાં ફેરવાઇ ગયું. પૂરાં ૪૮૧ વર્ષ સુધી એ મસ્જિદ બની રહ્યું. એ વર્ષો દરમિયાન ચર્ચની અંદરની ભીંતો પર ઇસુ, જોસેફ અને વર્જિન મેરીનાં ભવ્ય મ્યુરલોને મુસ્લિમ શાસકોએ કોઇપણ પ્રકારનું નુકસાન ન પહોંચાડ્યું. મસ્જિદમાં વળી કોઇ અવતારની કે વિભૂતિની ભવ્ય છબી ટકી શકે? કલ્પના કરવી પણ મુશ્કેલ છે.
મસ્જિદ તરીકે એ ઇમારતમાં નમાજ પઢાતી રહી, પરંતુ ચર્ચમાંથી એક પણ છબી હટાવવામાં ન આવી. સગી આંખે જોયું કે ભીંત પરનાં ભવ્ય મ્યુરલો પર કપડું ઢાંકી દેવામાં આવ્યું હતું. સન. ૧૯૩૪ સુધી મસ્જિદ તરીકે જાણીતી એ ઇમારતમાં એક ક્રાંતિ થઇ. કમાલ અતાતુર્ક જેવા ક્રાંતિકારી શાસકે એ મસ્જિદને મ્યુઝિયમમાં ફેરવી નાખી. પહેલાં ૯૧૬ વર્ષ ચર્ચ તરીકે અને પછીથી ૪૮૧ વર્ષ મસ્જિદ તરીકે રહ્યા બાદ આ ભવ્ય ઇમારત ઈતિહાસની સાક્ષી બની રહી.
આવી જ ઘટના ઇસ્તંબૂલમાં આવેલા કોરા ચર્ચમાં પણ બની હતી. એ ચર્ચ પણ મસ્જિદમાં ફેરવાયું હતું પણ પછી ચર્ચ બન્યું હતું. એ ચર્ચ ઇસુ પછીની ચોથી અને આઠમી સદીમાં બંધાયેલું. એમાં મ્યુરલો દ્વારા ઇસુ અને માતા મેરીની જીવનકથા પ્રગટ થઇ છે. યાદ રહે કે ૯૯ ટકા જેટલી મુસ્લિમ વસ્તી ધરાવતો દેશ ટર્કી સેક્યુલર ગણતંત્ર ધરાવે છે. ઇસ્તંબૂલમાં અમારી હોટેલનો માલિક મુસલમાન હતો અને એનું નામ જિસસ હતું. ટર્કીમાં કેટલીય મુસ્લિમ છોકરીઓનાં નામ મેરી હોય છે.
લોર્ડ ભીખુ પારેખ હિંદુ છે અને દિલથી વિશ્વમાનવ છે. અમત્ર્ય સેન વિશ્વમાનવ છે, પરંતુ પોતે હિંદુ છે એમ કહેવાનું ટાળે છે. તારીખ ત્રીજી ઓક્ટોબરે મારા સૌથી પ્રિય મુસલમાન આરિફભાઇ અને આદરણીય મિત્ર ભીખુભાઇ ભોજન માટે ઘરે આવ્યા. અમારી વાતો ‘કેવળ’ સાડા ચાર કલાકો સુધી ચાલી! આરિફભાઇ પોતાનું તાજુમાજું પુસ્તક ભેટ આપતા ગયા : ‘Text And Context: Quran and Contemporary Challenges’ (Rupa, Delhi). હું અને ભીખુભાઇ સાંભળવાના મૂડમાં હતા. આરિફભાઇ અયોધ્યા વિવાદના ઈતિહાસની ઝીણામાં ઝીણી વિગતો અત્યંત અધિકારપૂર્વક અમારી સમક્ષ પ્રગટ કરી રહ્યા હતા.
તેઓ ઉત્તરપ્રદેશના મુસલમાનોની બદલાયેલી માનસિકતા અંગે એવાં એવાં ઉદાહરણો આપી રહ્યા હતા કે જેમાં રાજકારણની દુર્ગંધ ન હોય. મુલાયમસિંહ યાદવે જે કહ્યું તેનો વિરોધ મુસલમાનો તરફથી થયો. એકતાની આબોહવામાં જે ભંગ પાડે તે રાજકારણમાંથી ફેંકાઇ જશે. તેમણે આર.એસ.એસ.ના સરસંઘચાલક ભાગવતના નિવેદનની પ્રશંસા કરીને જણાવ્યું કે બધા બદલાયા છે અને હજી બદલાશે. ચર્ચા ચાલુ હતી તે દરમિયાન મલેરિયામાં પટકાયેલા આદરણીય મોરારિબાપુએ ફોન પર બંને મિત્રો સાથે વાત કરી. ભીખુભાઇએ મીઠી ટકોર કરી : ‘બાપુ, અમે માંદા પડીએ તો ચાલે, પરંતુ તમે માંદા પડો તે કેમ ચાલે?’
સાંઇ મકરન્દ દવે પુરાણકથા (માઇથોલોજી)નું સૌંદર્ય સમજાવતી વખતે કહેતા કે પુરાણકથા પરા-ઐતિહાસિક (પેરા-હિસ્ટોરિકલ) છે. કેટલાક લોકો કોર્ટના ચુકાદાને શ્રદ્ધા પર આધારિત ગણાવે છે. વાત એમ છે કે સાચો ન્યાયમૂર્તિ કાયદો, તર્ક, હકીકત અને સાબિતી ઉપરાંત પરિસ્થિતજિન્ય શાણપણ ધ્યાનમાં રાખે છે. ન્યાયમૂર્તિ એસ. યુ. ખાનની ભૂમિકામાં ભારોભાર વિવેકની આણ રહેલી છે. સોલી સોરાબજી જેવા ન્યાયવિદે ચુકાદાને માટે કહ્યું કે ન્યાયમૂર્તિઓએ ભારે હિંમત બતાવી છે. ‘ધ ટાઇમ્સ ઓફ ઇન્ડિયા’ (૧પ-૯-૨૦૦૭)માં સેક્યુલર કટારલેખક જગ સુરૈયાએ રામ માટે જે શબ્દો કહ્યા તે કાન દઇને સાંભળવા જેવા છે. એમના શબ્દો સાંઇ મકરન્દની વાતને ટેકો આપનારા છે. સાંભળો :
રામ કેવળ વાસ્તવિક નહીં,
પરંતુ અતિ-વાસ્તવિક છે.
Ram isn’t real,
He is hyper-real.
The myth or hyper-reality is
more real in the sense of
being more constant than reality.
ઘણા ખરા લોકો ધર્મનું ફળ ચાખવાને બદલે કેવળ ફળનું છોડું જ ચાવતા રહે છે. કોમી હુલ્લડો કાયમ છોટલાવાદીઓ વચ્ચે જ થાય છે. ફળનો ગલ ખાનારા કાયમ લઘુમતીમાં હોય છે. અયોધ્યાના લાંબા વિવાદનો ચુકાદો આખરી નથી. કોર્ટની બહાર સમાધાન થાય એથી રૂડું બીજું શું હોઇ શકે? આપણે તો એટલું જ ઇચ્છીએ કે વોટબેંકનું રાજકારણ અને ગંદું સેક્યુરિઝમ ખતમ થાય. ગાંધીજીએ રામાયણને ‘જગતનો સર્વોપરી’ ગ્રંથ ગણાવ્યો હતો. છેલ્લાં સાઠ વર્ષ દરમિયાન પ્રજાએ ગરીબી ઉપરાંત બીજું ઘણું ઘણું વેઠ્યું છે. એકતાની આબોહવાને નષ્ટ કરે તેવી કોઇપણ હરક્ત પ્રજા ચલાવી નહીં લે. સમન્વયનો સંદેશો અયોધ્યાથી અજમેર સુધી અને ચરારે શરીફથી રામેશ્વર સુધી ભલે પહોંચતો. ગાંધીજી ‘સનાતની હિંદુ’ હતા માટે વિશ્વમાનવ હતા. તેઓ વિશ્વમાનવ હતા માટે ‘સનાતની હિંદુ’ ન હતા.
Spice Mi-300 – Rs. 9, 990 (Best Price)
Gear Up For The 3G Revolution With 3G Handsets Under Rs. 10,000The Mi-300 is India’s cheapest Android powered handset yet. It offers quite a bit of functionality for the average user from social networking to GPS and customizable interfaces. Via Android’s Marketplace application you can download games and all kinds of handy apps for all purposes. Spice has also included quite a few of their customary freebies with the device like access to Ibibo, railway information, Wapedia, Flickr and other sites. Currently it’s still running on Android 1.6 but it’ll soon receive an OTA update to Éclair aka 2.1
The Mi-300 also includes -
- 3.2-inch display with a 320 x 480 pixel resolution
- 3G, EDGE/GPRS, Wi-Fi
- GPS with A-GPS support
- Bluetooth with A2DP, USB 2.0 (mini)
- 5 megapixel camera
- 3.5mm handsfree socket
- microSD card support
Samsung Monte - Rs. 8, 150 (Best Price)
Gear Up For The 3G Revolution With 3G Handsets Under Rs. 10,000
The Samsung Monte may not be the newest handset on this list but according to my sources, it’s still a pretty popular handset in the market. For the price it’s available at, it offers a significant amount of connectivity options. From GPS to Wi-Fi the Monte is loaded. The Mote uses Samsung’s TouchWiz UI with multiple desktops and widgets for handset features as well as social networking.
Samsung’s Monte is also equipped with -
- 3.0-inch display with a 240 x 400 pixel resolution
- 3G, EDGE/GPRS, Wi-Fi
- GPS with A-GPS support
- Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP, USB 2.0 (mini)
- 3 megapixel camera
- 3.5mm handsfree socket
- FM radio (recording)
- microSD card support
LG Cookie Plus - Rs.7,800 (Best Price)
Gear Up For The 3G Revolution With 3G Handsets Under Rs. 10,000
The Cookie range is still going strong. It’s catering to the youth segment, offering them connectivity and access to their online lifestyles via LG’s SNS app for Social Networking. The touchscreen display and corresponding Flash based UI supports handwriting recognition for those who prefer that method of input as well as a full QWERTY keypad when in landscape mode. LG has also included a document viewer with the Cookie fresh.
The Cookie range is still going strong. It’s catering to the youth segment, offering them connectivity and access to their online lifestyles via LG’s SNS app for Social Networking. The touchscreen display and corresponding Flash based UI supports handwriting recognition for those who prefer that method of input as well as a full QWERTY keypad when in landscape mode. LG has also included a document viewer with the Cookie fresh.
LG Cookie Plus is loaded with -
- a 3-inch touchscreen with a 240 x 400 pixel resolution
- 3G, EDGE/GPRS support
- Bluetooth v2.1 with A2DP and USB 2.0
- 3MP camera
- FM radio with recorder
- microSD card support
- 3.5mm handsfree socket
Design of Transmission Line (Electrical Power System Design)
What is Transmission Line ?
Transmission line should transmit the power over the required distance economically and satisfy the electrical and mechanical requirements prescribed in particular cases.
Design of Transmission Line
- Electrical Design Consideration
- Mechanical Design Consideration
- Other Design Consideration
Electrical Design Consideration
Conductor Material and Conductor Size
The conductor should be selected from stand point of the permisible corona loss in addition to other considerations like required operatin g characteristics and economy.
Spacing Between Conductors
Voltage Regulation and Transmission Voltage
Difference in voltage at receiving end of transmission line between the condition of no load condition and full load condition is called the voltage regulation.
Transmission Efficiency
Ration of receiving end power to the sending end power of the transmission line is known as transmission efficiency
Transmission Line Constants
Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance
Skin Effect
Tendency of alternating current to the outer surface of the conductor is known as skin effect.
Mechanical Design Consideration
String Efficiency
The voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the voltage across disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.
To Improve String Efficieny
- By Longer Cross Arm
- By Grading the Insulators
- By Using a Guard Ring
Sag Effect
The Difference in the overhead transmission line level between two points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called the sag.
Corona Effect
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in overhead transmission line at critical dissurptive voltage is known as the corona effect.
Critical Dissurptive Voltage : It is minimum phase to neutral voltage at which corona occurs.
Visual Critical Voltage : It is minimum phase to neutral voltage at which corona glow appears along the conductors.
Factors Affecting Corona
- Atmosphere
- Conductor Size
- Spacing Between Conductors
- Line Voltage
To Reduce Corona Effect
Conductor Size Incerement, Spacing Between Conductor Increment
Other Design Consideration
Line Supports
- Wooden Poles
- Steel Towers
- RCC Poles
- Steel Towers
Insulators
- Pin Type Insulators
- Suspension Type Insulators
- Strain Type Insulators
- Shackle Type Insulators
Bundled Conductors
When there are two or more than two conductors for any one of the phase for transmission line the conductor is known as the bundled conductor.
Design and Introduction of Substation (Electrical Power System Design)
Sub Station
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics of electrical supply called the sub station
· It should be located at proper site
· It should provide safe and reliable arrangements
· It should be easily maintained and operated
· It should involve minimum capital cost
Classification of Substation
According to Service Requirements
· Transformer Substation
· Rectifier Substation
· Switching substation
· Power factor correction substation
· Converter substation
· Frequency changer substation
· Industrial substation
According to Constructional Features
· Indoor substation
· Outdoor substation
· Pole mounted substation
· Underground substation
Merits and Demerits
Merits of Indoor Substation
- Less space requirement and running cost
- Low voltage values
- More weather protection and life of equipments
Demerits of Indoor substation
- Erection time is more
- Future expansion and operation is complex
- Fault location identification and correction is difficult
- Dead investment is more
Merits of Outdoor substation
- Erection time is less
- Any values of voltage is used
- Fault location and correction is easy
- Capital investment is low
- Maintenance and operation is very easy
Demerits of Outdoor substation
- High running cost
- More requirements of space
- Life of equipments is less compare to indoor substations
Merits of Pole mounted substation
- Less space requirement
- Future expansion and fault location and correction is easy
- Easy operation and maintenance
Demerits of Pole mounted substation
- Erection is complex
- Voltage rating is low
- Running cost is higher
- Life of equipments is less
Merits of Underground substation
- Rating of substation is higher
- Running cost is less
- Operation is easy with neat arrangements
Demerits of Underground substation
- Space requirement and erection time is more
- Capital cost and Dead investment is more
- Fault correction and location is complex
- Future expansion is complex
Equipments in substation
- Insulators
- Conductors
- Relay and Circuit Breakers
- Transformers
- Current carrier equipments
- Fuses and switchyard
- Control cable
- Conduit system
- Disconnector switches and Isolators
- Control room
- Lightning arrestors
Layout of Substation
Bus bar Arrangements
- Single bus bar arrangement
- Main and auxiliary bas bar arrangement
- Double bus double breaker arrangement
- Sectionalized double bus arrangement
- Ring main bus bar arrangement
Isolators and Circuit Breakers
- Operation (Isolator) Manual
- Condition (Isolator) Off Load
- Excitation (Isolator) Mechanical
- Operation (C.B.) Automatic
- Condition (C.B.) On Load
- Excitation (C.B.) Relay Trip Coil
Current Transformer (C.T.)
- Thick wire
- Less winding
- Series connected
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Generation
Combined Cycle
A combined cycle is characteristic of a power producing engine or plant that employs more than one thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). The remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles, such as the Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, results in improved overall efficiency.
It can also work with the Otto, Diesel, and Crower cycles which may allow it to be suited to automotive use. Aside from the Rankine cycle, the Stirling cycle could also be used to re-use waste heat in automotive or aeronautical applications, for the simple reason that there is less weight (water) to carry and that Stirling engines or turbines can be made to operate with low temperature differences.
In a combined cycle power plant (CCPP), or combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, a gas turbine generator generates electricity and the waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional electricity via a steam turbine; this last step enhances the efficiency of electricity generation. Most new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of this type. In a thermal power plant, high-temperature heat as input to the power plant, usually from burning of fuel, is converted to electricity as one of the outputs and low-temperature heat as another output. As a rule, in order to achieve high efficiency, the temperature difference between the input and output heat levels should be as high as possible.
This is achieved by combining the Rankine (steam) and Brayton (gas) thermodynamic cycles. Such an arrangement used for marine propulsion is called combined gas (turbine) and steam (turbine) (COGAS).
Design Principle
In a thermal power station water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from nickel or cobalt, rather than inexpensive steel. These alloys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the boiling point of water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35 to 42%.
An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a combustor and a turbine. For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid; (a Rankine cycle).
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This temperature can be as low as 15 °C
In an automotive powerplant, an Otto, Diesel, Atkinson or similar engine would provide one part of the cycle and the waste heat would power a Rankine cycle steam or Stirling engine, which could either power ancillaries (such as the alternator) or be connected to the crankshaft by a turbo compounding system.
Efficiency of CCGT plants
By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the waste heat temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than this, is still higher than that of either plant on its own.The actual efficiency achievable is a complex area.
Configuration of CCGT plants
The combined-cycle system includes single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations. The single-shaft system consists of one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one generator and one Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), with the gas turbine and steam turbine coupled to the single generator in a tandem arrangement on a single shaft. Key advantages of the single-shaft arrangement are operating simplicity, smaller footprint, and lower startup cost. Single-shaft arrangements, however, will tend to have less flexibility and equivalent reliability than multi-shaft blocks. Additional operational flexibility is provided with a steam turbine which can be disconnected, using an SSS Clutch, for start up or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine.
Multi-shaft systems have one or more gas turbine-generators and HRSGs that supply steam through a common header to a separate single steam turbine-generator. In terms of overall investment a multi-shaft system is about 5% higher in costs.
Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems equipped with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 540 °C or less. Selection of a single- or multiple-pressure steam cycle for a specific application is determined by economic evaluation which considers plant installed cost, fuel cost and quality, plant duty cycle, and operating and maintenance cost.
Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 600 °C.
The most efficient power generation cycles are those with unfired HRSGs with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also the lowest in cost. Supplementary-fired combined-cycle systems are provided for specific application.
The primary regions of interest for cogeneration combined-cycle systems are those with unfired and supplementary fired steam cycles. These systems provide a wide range of thermal energy to electric power ratio and represent the range of thermal energy capability and power generation covered by the product line for thermal energy and power systems.
A combined cycle is characteristic of a power producing engine or plant that employs more than one thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). The remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles, such as the Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle, results in improved overall efficiency.
It can also work with the Otto, Diesel, and Crower cycles which may allow it to be suited to automotive use. Aside from the Rankine cycle, the Stirling cycle could also be used to re-use waste heat in automotive or aeronautical applications, for the simple reason that there is less weight (water) to carry and that Stirling engines or turbines can be made to operate with low temperature differences.
In a combined cycle power plant (CCPP), or combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, a gas turbine generator generates electricity and the waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional electricity via a steam turbine; this last step enhances the efficiency of electricity generation. Most new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of this type. In a thermal power plant, high-temperature heat as input to the power plant, usually from burning of fuel, is converted to electricity as one of the outputs and low-temperature heat as another output. As a rule, in order to achieve high efficiency, the temperature difference between the input and output heat levels should be as high as possible.
This is achieved by combining the Rankine (steam) and Brayton (gas) thermodynamic cycles. Such an arrangement used for marine propulsion is called combined gas (turbine) and steam (turbine) (COGAS).
Design Principle
In a thermal power station water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from nickel or cobalt, rather than inexpensive steel. These alloys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the boiling point of water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35 to 42%.
An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a combustor and a turbine. For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid; (a Rankine cycle).
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This temperature can be as low as 15 °C
In an automotive powerplant, an Otto, Diesel, Atkinson or similar engine would provide one part of the cycle and the waste heat would power a Rankine cycle steam or Stirling engine, which could either power ancillaries (such as the alternator) or be connected to the crankshaft by a turbo compounding system.
Efficiency of CCGT plants
By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the waste heat temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than this, is still higher than that of either plant on its own.The actual efficiency achievable is a complex area.
Configuration of CCGT plants
The combined-cycle system includes single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations. The single-shaft system consists of one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one generator and one Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), with the gas turbine and steam turbine coupled to the single generator in a tandem arrangement on a single shaft. Key advantages of the single-shaft arrangement are operating simplicity, smaller footprint, and lower startup cost. Single-shaft arrangements, however, will tend to have less flexibility and equivalent reliability than multi-shaft blocks. Additional operational flexibility is provided with a steam turbine which can be disconnected, using an SSS Clutch, for start up or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine.
Multi-shaft systems have one or more gas turbine-generators and HRSGs that supply steam through a common header to a separate single steam turbine-generator. In terms of overall investment a multi-shaft system is about 5% higher in costs.
Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems equipped with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 540 °C or less. Selection of a single- or multiple-pressure steam cycle for a specific application is determined by economic evaluation which considers plant installed cost, fuel cost and quality, plant duty cycle, and operating and maintenance cost.
Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 600 °C.
The most efficient power generation cycles are those with unfired HRSGs with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also the lowest in cost. Supplementary-fired combined-cycle systems are provided for specific application.
The primary regions of interest for cogeneration combined-cycle systems are those with unfired and supplementary fired steam cycles. These systems provide a wide range of thermal energy to electric power ratio and represent the range of thermal energy capability and power generation covered by the product line for thermal energy and power systems.
Alternator
Alternator
An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators.
Principle of Operation
Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC generators, namely, when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF, as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces three phase currents, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless" alternator), by permanent magnets (in very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Automotive alternators invariably use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger machines than those used in automotive applications.
Synchronous speeds
The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called the synchronous speed for that frequency.
This table gives some examples:
An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators.
Principle of Operation
Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC generators, namely, when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF, as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces three phase currents, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless" alternator), by permanent magnets (in very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Automotive alternators invariably use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger machines than those used in automotive applications.
Synchronous speeds
The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called the synchronous speed for that frequency.
This table gives some examples:
Poles | RPM at 50 Hz | RPM at 60 Hz |
---|---|---|
2 | 3,000 | 3,600 |
4 | 1,500 | 1,800 |
6 | 1,000 | 1,200 |
8 | 750 | 900 |
10 | 600 | 720 |
12 | 500 | 600 |
14 | 428.6 | 514.3 |
16 | 375 | 450 |
18 | 333.3 | 400 |
20 | 300 | 360 |
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